32-1
Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis of the Molecular Mechanism in Overcoming Insulin Resistance by a Soybean isoflavone, Genistein
Kazumi YAGASAKI1, 2 , Toshiaki SUEYASU3 , Byung Geun HAI2 ,Katsuki ITO1 ,Takayuki YONEZAWA2 and Hisanori KATO3
1 Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509,
2 Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033,
3 Organization for Interdisciplinary Research Projects, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657
ABSTRACT
To clarify the mechanisms for anti-diabetic action of genistein, its effect on glucose metabolism and signal transduction were investigated in rat L6 myotubes. DNA microarray analysis revealed that the mRNA levels of 1,134 genes were statistically different between genistein-treated and control cells. Highly up-regulated genes included Abcb1a/Abcb1b , Pdk2 , and A dipor2 ; the functions of their protein products are related to excretion of drugs, production of acetyl-CoA, and activation of AMPK, respectively. Pathway analysis suggested that p53 pathway was modulated by genistein, and genistein was found to decrease the phosphorylation of p53 protein. To determine the effect of genistein on energy expenditure, lactate production, pyruvate consumption, and extracellular LDH activity were determined. While genistein did not affect LDH release in the presence of a suffi cient energy source, genistein increased LDH release under the energy source-insufficient condition. Lactate production was increased by genistein, indicating increased dependency of the energy production to glycolysis. Pyruvate consumption was attenuated by genistein, suggesting that the TCA cycle was suppressed. These results suggest that genistein activates AMPK-GLUT4 pathway through the decrease of intracellular ATP by the promotion of ATP consumption and the suppression of ATP synthesis. In DNA microarray analysis of muscle tissue from in vivo diabetic model db/db mice, administration of genistein increased the expression of Ldhb (lactate dehydrogenase B). Thus, genistein may improve glucose metabolism via various pathways.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 1-6, 2011.
Key words : diabetes, genistein, muscle cells, glucose uptake, microarray
32-2
Physiological Function of Highly purified Soy Proteins
Reiko URADE1 , and Mitsutaka KOHNO 2,
1 Laboratory of Food Design and Development, Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science,
Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011,
2 Food Science Institute, Fuji Oil Co., LTD., Osaka 598-8540
ABSTRACT
We developed a method to prepare highly purified soybean glycinin (11S). Both polar lipids and lipophilic proteins, which are major impurities in crude 11S prepared by conventional methods, were removed by the novel method. We then tested the effect of the highly purified 11S on the serum cholesterol level in Wistar rats. Male 6-week-old rats were fed an ad libitum diet containing 22% casein, crude 11S, or highly purified 11S as a protein source for 14 days. Food intake and body weight gain were almost the same among the rats, despite their diets. Relative liver weight was significantly lower in rats fed crude 11S and highly purified 11S than in the casein group. The concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the rats' serum were also significantly lower in the crude 11S and highly purified 11S groups than in the casein group. The serum cholesterol lowering effect depends upon the dietary level of 11S.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 7-11, 2011.
Key words : glycinin, serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, rat
32-3
Prospective Study of the Preventive effect of Intensive Dietary Soy Intake on Atherosclerosis in an Urban General Population
Yoshihiro KOKUBO
Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 565-0873
ABSTRACT
Background and Purpose: Soy intake has been seen as a factor for prevention of atherosclerosis. However, most studies have been conducted in animals. Few studies have examined the impact of dietary intake of soy on prevention of atherosclerosis in a healthy human population. I assessed the hypothesis that soy intake is a factor in prevention of atherosclerosis in a general urban Japanese population. Methods: We studied 5,212 Japanese individuals who completed a baseline survey and were evaluated for carotid atherosclerosis in the Suita Study. Carotid atherosclerosis was evaluated by high-resolution ultrasonography with atherosclerotic indexes of intima-media thickness (IMT) in the common carotid artery (CCA), carotid artery bulb (Bulb), and internal and external carotid arteries. We defined plaque, a focal IMT thickening, as an area where IMT>1.1 mm or 1.4 mm, respectively. The associations between soy intake and carotid atherosclerosis were compared by the use of multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models. Results: Compared with men eating miso soup less than once a week, multivariable adjusted LDL cholesterol levels were statistically lower in men who ate miso soup two or more times a day. Compared with men eating miso soup less than once a week, multivariable adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6) in men eating miso soup two or more times a day. Compared with men eating miso soup less than once a week, multivariable adjusted maximum IMT was statistically lower in men eating miso soup two or more times a day. Compared with men eating less than 10 g of tofu a day, multivariable adjusted maximum IMT was statistically lower in men eating 80 g or more tofu a day. Conclusions: Miso and tofu may be a preventive factor for atherosclerosis in an urban Japanese population.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 12-17, 2011.
Key words : soy, miso, tofu, atherosclerosis, carotid arteries, prevention
32-4
Identification of a Gene Relating to a Novel Component Affecting Consistency of Tofu
Kyoko TODA , Tetsuya YAMADA and Makita HAJIKA
National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 305-8518
ABSTRACT
Consistency of tofu is an important factor for evaluating processing properties for tofu making. Our previous studies indicated that protein content, the 11S/7S ratio and phytate content affect the consistency of tofu. When the Japanese cultivars Sachiyutaka and Fukuyutaka were used, these three factors and the consistency of tofu showed a high multiple correlation. In contrast, when Enrei was used, the consistency of tofu showed higher actual values than the predicted values, which are based on the approximate straight line for Fukuyutaka and Sachiyutaka. Therefore it is predicted that Enrei has a component affecting consistency of tofu that Fukuyutaka and Sachiyutaka lack. In this study, 53 F2 plants derived from the cross Enrei x Sachiyutaka were analyzed using SSR markers. Protein content, the 11S/7S ratio, the phytate content and the consistency of tofu were analyzed to evaluate the phenotype of the consistency of tofu, which was determined based on the ratio of the actual values (M) to the predicted values (P). We used 143 SSR markers which showed polymorphisms between Enrei and Sachiyutaka. The genotype of BARCSOYSSR_10_1614, which is located on chromosome 10, coincided with the phenotype of the consistency of tofu for 8 F2 plants. The averages of M/P for F2 plants showing the genotype of Enrei homozygous, heterozygous and Sachiyutaka homozygous were 1.6, 1.2 and 0.9, respectively. The Tukey's HSD test detected a significant difference between Enrei homozygous and heterozygous, and between Enrei homozygous and Sachiyutaka homozygous (p <0.05). The M/P of Enrei and Sachiyutaka was 1.9 and 1.0, respectively. The M/P of F2 Plants showing the genotype of Enrei homozygous decreased using Satt153 and BARCSOYSSR_10_1684. The M/P of F2 Plants showing the genotype of Sachiyutaka homozygous increased using BARCSOYSSR_10_1684. BARCSOYSSR_10_1614 is located between Satt153 and BARCSOYSSR_10_1684. These results indicated the possibility that a gene factor affecting the consistency of tofu might be present in the 3 Mb-region between Satt153 and BARCSOYSSR_10_1684.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 18-21, 2011.
Key words : soybean component, tofu consistency, SSR marker analysis
32-5
Inactivation of Enzymes in Soybean Milk by Radio-Frequency Alternating Current
Kunihiko UEMURA
National Food Research Institute (NFRI), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 305-8642
ABSTRACT
Heat-resistant microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis spores derived from soil may exist in soybean milk and can reduce the shelf life of tofu produced from conventional processing of soybean milk. Conventional high-temperature, long-time heat processing of soybean milk sufficiently inactivates spores of this organism but negatively impacts the gel strength of the resultant tofu due to protein denaturation. An apparatus to pasteurize soybean milk using radio-frequency flash heating (RF-FH) was developed. An electrode surface was covered with 50μm-thick Tefl on fi lm, and 27 MHz RF-FH was applied to soybean milk fl owing through the electrode unit. A four-logarithm-order reduction of B. subtilis spores was realized in the soybean milk by RF-FH at up to 107℃ for 0.4 s. When the electrode surface was covered with a Tefl on fi lm, there was no fouling. RF-FH treated soybean milk at 100℃ and 107℃, and conventionally heated soybean milk at 100℃ for 5 min and 10 min. The breaking strength of the tofu decreased as the conventional heating period of the soybean milk increased from 5 min to 10 min, but the RF-heated sample exhibited a smaller decrease in breaking strength than the conventionally heated sample because of the reduced heating time. 48% and 90% of trypsin inhibitor in raw soybean milk was inactivated by RF-FH at 107℃ for 4 s and by conventional heating at 100℃ for 10 min respectively. 90% of lipoxygenase in soybean milk was inactivated by RF-FH at 94℃ for 2 s.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 22-26, 2011.
Key words : radio frequency, fl ash heating, high electric fi eld AC, Bacillus subtilis spore, trypsin inhibitor, lipoxigenase
32-6
Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate Source on the Modulation of
Lipid Metabolism by Soy Protein
Yoko TAKAHASHI
National Food Research Institute (NFRI), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 305-8642
ABSTRACT
Dietary soy protein is known to have hypolipidemic properties. The carbohydrate source in the diet also affects lipid metabolism; compared with starches, sugars tend to increase hepatic lipogenesis and serum triacylglycerol concentration. To investigate the possibility of the interaction between protein and carbohydrate sources in lipid metabolism, the interference of dietary carbohydrate on the hypolipidemic effect caused by soy protein was compared with those of corn starch and sucrose in rats. Animals were fed one of four diets containing casein-corn starch, casein-sucrose, soy protein-corn starch, or soy protein-sucrose for three weeks. Serum and hepatic triacylglycerol levels were significantly lowered in rats fed soy protein compared to those fed casein when the carbohydrate source was corn starch, whereas soy protein increased these parameters in the presence of sucrose. The activity of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis was increased by sucrose diets compared with corn starch diets. However, soy protein significantly decreased the activity regardless of carbohydrate source. However, the activity of enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation was not affected by dietary factors. The mRNA expression of hepatic enzymes concerned with triacylglycerol uptake and synthesis was decreased in response to sucrose, but the reduction was attenuated when the protein source was soy protein. Therefore, the increased serum and hepatic triacylglycerol concentrations caused by the simultaneous ingestion of soy protein and sucrose may be attributed, in part, to the alteration of hepatic triacylglycerol metabolism rather than to fatty acid metabolism in liver.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 27-31, 2011.
Key words : soy protein, sucrose, lipid metabolism, triacylglycerol, glucose
32-7
Effects of Soy Protein on Daily Rhythms of Metabolism and Locomotor Activity
Masaki TAKIGUCHI, Eriko MATSUMOTO, Ayano OOHIRA and Katsuro IWASE
Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670
ABSTRACT
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) is a pivotal transcriptional regulator of genes for lipogenesis, which is a representative circadian event of the liver, and the expression of the Srebp-1 gene exhibits a robust daily rhythm of mice with a peak in the nocturnal feeding period under standard housing conditions. We recently reported that the Srebp-1 expression rhythm was remarkably altered by a high carbohydrate diet, a high fat diet and a high protein (69% milk casein fraction) diet, compared to that on a standard diet (Matsumoto, E., et al., 2010, J. Biol. Chem. 285: 33028-33036). Here, we examined the effects of a high soy protein diet on daily rhythms of gene expression in the liver, as well as on circadian rhythms of locomotor activity. We originally prepared a solidifi ed diet containing 69% soy protein isolate (Fujipro-F), allowing us to monitor intake of a high soy protein diet, which showed a daily rhythm comparable to that of a standard diet. The high soy protein diet exhibited more moderate effects on daily expression rhythms of Srebp-1 , as well as of the clock gene Dbp and the gene for the ornithine cycle enzyme argininosuccinate lyase. effects of the high soy protein diet on the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity were also limited: phase advance of the rhythmicity in constant darkness is comparable between the standard diet and the high soy protein diet, while more remarked with the high casein diet. Therefore, soy protein is likely of relatively reduced effect on daily rhythms of metabolism and locomotor activity.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 32-37, 2011.
Key words : biological clock, lipid, nutrient, transcription factor, urea cycle
32-8
Chrono-Nutritional Aspects of Protein-Rich Food on Mouse Circadian Rhythm
Shigenobu SHIBATA, Hiroki NAGAHAMA, Misa ITOKAWA, Keisuke SAITO, Yu TAHARA and Akiko HIRAO
Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Biosciences, School of Advanced Biosciences and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480
ABSTRACT
The rotation of the earth around its axis causes 24 h changes in environmental conditions including temperature, food availability, light, and darkness. In addition, seasonal changes in day length occur as a consequence of the earth orbiting the sun. In order to cope with and anticipate these changes, most organisms throughout the plant and animal kingdoms possess a circadian timing system. The peripheral circadian clock in mice is entrained not only by light-dark cycles but also by daily restricted feeding schedules. Behavioral and cell culture experiments suggest an increase in glucose level as a factor in such feeding-induced entrainment. For application of feeding-induced entrainment in humans, nutrient content and dietary variations should be considered. To elucidate the food composition necessary for dietary entrainment, we examined whether complete or partial substitution of dietary nutrients affected phase shifts in liver clocks of mice. A combination of glucose and casein without oil, vitamin, or fiber caused a significant phase advance. Reduction of casein content or substitution by amino acids in AIN-93M did not change the food-induced entrainment. Furthermore, casein substitution by soybean protein, soybean peptide or soybean amino acids did not change foodinduced entrainment. The data suggest that requirement amounts of protein/amino acids for entrainment of the clock gene are small. Genistein and daidzein, a phytoestrogen from soybean, strongly lengthened circadian rhythm and caused acute induction of Per2 genes, whereas estrogen did not. These data suggest that soybean may have some effect on circadian rhythm, and may help recovery from circadian defi cit in shift-work.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 38-43, 2011.
Key words : circadian, food-entrainment, liver, chrono-nutrition, soy bean, genistein
32-9
Effects of Hydrolyzed Compounds of Milk and Soy Proteins on Listeria monocytogenes Infection to Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Takashi KUDA
Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477
ABSTRACT
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) causes listeriosis in humans mainly through consumption of ready-to-eat foods, such as luncheon meat, cheese and salads. In Japan, there is only a reported food-borne Lm outbreak. In this study, to determine the dietary effect of soy protein that is rich in Japanese style diet on Lm invasion and infection, we examine the effect of digested soybean protein (Phytone peptone: PP) on the invasion of Lm using un-differentiated and differentiated human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells, comparing with digested milk casein (Tryptone: TP). The invasion Lm in the intact Caco-2 cells was about 5.3 log cfu/well. Although there were no significant differences, the invasion number of Lm into the differentiated Caco-2 cells was tended to be increased by TP (10 mg/mL), rather than PP. Genetically Lm susceptible A/J mice were oral infected 7 log cfu/mL Lm suspension after 7 days feeding of diet containing 20%w/w casein or soy protein. Numbers of Lm cells in spleen and liver tissues were tended to be low in mice fed soy protein. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a maker of inflammation and infection, in spleen tissue was significantly low in mice fed soy protein. Furthermore, interferon (IFN)-γ was also tended to be low in mice fed soy protein. These results suggest that Differences of dietary protein affect infection of food related pathogens including Lm.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 44-47, 2011.
Key words : Listeria monocytogenes , soy protein; casein; Caco-2; A/J mouse
32-10
Exhaustive Analysis of New Hydrophobic Peptides Derived from Soybean Protein with Bile acids Binding Ability and in vivo Analysis of Peptide Activity
Satoshi NAGAOKA
Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193
ABSTRACT
This experiment was designed to identify peptides which have bile acid-binding ability from soybean beta-conglycinin. In this study, we used a peptide array to evaluate the bile acid-binding ability of peptide derived from soybean betaconglycinin (hydrophobicity > 0.8). In the peptide array, bile acid-binding ability was evaluated by the binding ability of taurocholic acid and fi xed peptides on cellulose membrane, then binding peptides with taurocholic acid were detected by the fi rst antibody of bile acid, fi nally the antibody-taurocholic acid complexes were detected by the second antibody. We found some bile acid binding peptides in this screening. In this context, we selected IIKLAIPV, IFVIPAGY, VVFLASVS to evaluate bile acid-binding ability and micellar solubility of cholesterol in vitro using soystatin (VAWWMY) as a positive control. VVFLASVS had higher bile acid-binding ability in vitro than did other synthesized peptides. VVFLASVS had significantly lower micellar solubility of cholesterol than did other synthesized peptides in vitro like cholestyramine as a positive control. In rats, intestinal cholesterol absorption was significantly decreased by the administration of VVFLASVS. Thus, we found that VVFLASVS significantly decreased micellar solubility and inhibited cholesterol absorption in rats.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 48-52, 2011.
Key words : beta-conglycinin, peptide array, VVFLASVS, soystatin, bile acid
32-11
High Functionalization of Cbl-b Inhibitor, Cblin
Takeshi NIKAWA1, Arisa OCHI1, Reiko NAKAO3, Tomonari YAMA1,
Keita KANMURA1, Katsuya HIRASAKA1, Ayako MAITA1, Yuushi OKUMURA1, Keisuke NAGANO4,
Ayato KATAGIRI2, Tomoyuki KAWAMURA2, Hisao NEMOTO2 and Kazuhito AKAMA5
1Department of Nutritional Physiology,
2Department of Bioorganic Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503,
3Space Biomedical Research Offi ce, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ibaraki 305-8505,
4First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima 771-0192,
5Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Shimane 690-0192
ABSTRACT
For bed rest patients or astronauts, muscle atrophy caused by unloading stress is a serious problem. In our previous studies, we revealed that the induction and activation of ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b played an important role in skeletal muscle atrophy. In muscle atrophy, Cbl-b interacted with and degraded the IGF-1 signaling intermediate IRS-1. In turn, loss of IRS-1 activated the FOXO3-dependent MAFbx/ atrogin-1 expression. In addition, we showed that a pentapeptide mimetic of tyrosin608-phosphorylated IRS-1, DGpYMP, which we named Cblin, inhibited Cbl-b-mediated IRS-1 ubiquitination and strongly decreased the Cbl-b-mediated induction of MAFbx/atrogin-1. Interestingly, we found that a major component of soy protein, soy glycinin, contained a sequence similar to Cblin peptide (DI/FYNP). In fact, the intake of soy glycinin prevented reduction of muscle wet weight and myofiber size. In addition, the MAFbx/atrogin-1 expression was significantly decreased. On the other hand, we performed multiple Cblin-like sequences transfected to the rice glutelin, and these peptides were induced by digestion. There was inhibitory action to Cbl-b-induced IRS-1 ubiquitination. Since these inhibitors might be supplemented safely, they may be useful as a therapeutic source in prevention of skeletal muscle atrophy caused by unloading stress.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 53-57, 2011.
Key words : muscle atrophy, ubiquitin ligase, Cbl-b, glycinin
32-12
Study of the Molecular Mechanism of how Soybean Components affect the Expression of Zinc Transporter, ZIP4
Taiho KAMBE
Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502
ABSTRACT
Zinc deficiency is a world-wide health problem and recent reports contain estimates that more than 25% of the world population is at risk of zinc deficiency. Hence a strategy enabling effi cient zinc absorption is needed. In the intestinal epithelial cells, the zinc transporter ZIP4 (SLC39A4), which was identified as a responsible gene for the rare, autosomal recessive genetic disease acrodermatitis enteropathica, functions as an essential component for zinc absorption. Exogenous expression of ZIP4 leads zinc uptake into the cells, suggesting that a food factor increasing ZIP4 expression should be a potential enhancer of zinc absorption in the intestinal epithelial cells. We established a rapid screening system using anti-ZIP4 monoclonal antibody and Hepa cells to identify a soybean component increasing ZIP4 expression, and found by the use of this screening system that soyafl avone HG, the initial component of which is isoflavone, includes the factor(s) enhancing ZIP4 expression. In this study, we improved the screening system by expressing secretory alkaline phosphatase under the control of the metallothionein promoter, which enabled us to monitor increases of zinc content in the cells. We confi rmed increases of zinc content in the cells treated with soyafl avone HG by the use of this improved system, suggesting that soyafl avone HG stimulates zinc uptake in the cells via enhancement of ZIP4 expression. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism of how soyafl avone HG increases ZIP4 expression and found that soyafl avone HG inhibits ZIP4 degradation triggered by zinc. These results strongly suggest that soyaflavone HG contains useful factor(s) to enhance zinc absorption.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 58-62, 2011.
Key words : zinc transporter, ZIP4, zinc absorption, soyafl avone HG
32-13
Flavonoid Enhances the MCP-1-Induced Monocyte Migration
Yoshinori MARUNAKA1, 2, Eishi ASHIHARA1, Naomi NIISATO1, 2 and Mariko OHTA1
1Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566
2Japan Institute for Food Education and Health, Heian Jogakuin (St Agnes') University, Kyoto 602-8013
ABSTRACT
We have previously demonstrated that Cl- regulates many cellular functions including cell cycle progression, apoptosis-related gene expression, and elongation of neurites in response to nerve growth factor. In this study, we investigated the effects of flavonoid on the monocyte migration induced by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Transwell migration assay showed that Quercetin stimulated migration of THP-1 monocytic leukemic cells in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was partially inhibited by bumetanide, an inhibitor of Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1). Moreover, this enhanced migration was inhibited by the low extracellular Cl- concentration. Taken together with our previous findings that flavonoids stimulate transepithelial Cl- transport by activating NKCC1 or Cl- channel, it is suggested that flavonoids may stimulate migration of monocytes via the activation of NKCC1. The precise mechanisms of enhanced migration by flavonoids are under investigation.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 63-67, 2011.
Key words : Cl-, NKCC, monocyte, migration, flavonoid
32-14
Effect of Soybean isoflavones on Type I and Type II
Helper T-Cell Differentiation
Mamoru TOTSUKA
Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657
ABSTRACT
Naive CD4+ T cells differentiate into type I and type II helper T cells (Th1 and Th2) during their activation after antigen recognition. Th1 cells produce
mainly interferon γ(IFN-γ) and play an important role in fighting intracellular pathogens. On the other hand, Th2 cells, producing mainly interleukin 4 (IL-4), promote B cells to secrete antibodies. Impairment of Th1/Th2 balance leads to onset or deterioration of immune-related diseases such as autoimmune diseases and allergies. Therefore, Th1/Th2 balance is critical to immune regulation. In the present study, we examined the effect of isoflavones-daidzein, genistein, and glycitein-on Th1/Th2 Differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells derived from DO11.10 and BALB/c mice. CD4+ T cells activated in the presence of daidzein demonstrated significantly increased IFN-γ secretion and decreased IL-4 secretion. Glycitein did not affect the helper T-cell Differentiation and genistein decreased the responses of the primed T cells. In the T cells primed in the presence of daidzein, mRNA expression of Th1-specific transcription factor T-bet and phosphorylation of STAT1 were up-regulated. The effect of daidzein was preserved in the absence of antigen-presenting cells and the presence of an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist. These results indicate that daidzein directly affects naive CD4+ T cells to enhance Th1 differentiation, and suggest the involvement of the up-regulation of STAT1 phosphorylation but not ER-mediated signaling for the effect of daidzein.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 68-72, 2011.
Key words : isoflavone, daidzein, helper T cell, functional Differentiation, cytokine
32-15
Identification of A Gene Mediating the Inhibitory effects of Equol on Cancer Cell Growth
Hirofumi TACHIBANA1, 2 , Shoko KAMACHI1 , Shuya YAMASHITA1 and Koji YAMADA1
1 Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581
2 Bio-Architecture Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581
ABSTRACT
Daidzein and genistein are polyphenolic isoflavones contained in soy protein; intestinal bacteria metabolize daidzein to equol. In numerous instances, the
mechanisms of the physiological effects of isoflavones have been considered to be involved in estrogen receptors (ERs) because they have been reported to
have avidity for ERs and exhibit estrogen-like or anti-estrogenic effects. On the other hands, some reports indicate the existence of ER-independent effects of isoflavones. We also previously reported that the suppressive effects of isoflavones on the expression of high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI in human basophilic cells are independent of ERs. In the present study, we attempted to identify a gene involved in the ER-independent effects of equol on cancer cell growth. By the method of genetic screening, we identified four candidate genes correlating the inhibitory effects of equol on the growth of B16 cells, mouse melanoma. The gene silencing of Pap-associated domain containing 5 (Papd5) inhibited the effects of equol on the growth of B16 cells. Furthermore, equol inhibited the tumorigenesis of B16 cells and the silencing of Papd5 expression reduced that antitumor effect of equol, suggesting that Papd5 is a key mediator of ER-independent effects of equol.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 73-76, 2011.
Key words : isoflavones, equol, anticancer effect, Papd5, ERs
32-16
Effect of Soybean Protein on Urinary Ca Excretion
Nobuko SARUKURA1, Ayako OGAMA1, Noriko WAKIKAWA2 and Sumiko KAMOSHITA2
1Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610
2Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Jumonji University, Saitama 352-8510,
ABSTRACT
About 80% of sulfur derived from sulfur amino acid catabolism became sulfuric acids and decrease pH of body fl uid. To maintain the pH normal various chemical reactions occur such as Ca3(PO4)2, CaCO3 from bone. Sulfur amino acid intakes of Japanese are relatively high. The amino acids of soybean protein is not deficient but not so high as the animal protein rich foods. However, there has not been scientifi c evidences about the effects of these foods on bone Ca excretion. In this study we tried to find the effect of soybean protein on Ca utilization. Subjects were healthy young women who have regular menstruation cycle. Depending upon the urinary Ca, pairs were made and they were randomly assigned into two groups. Experimental period was 30 days. Each ten days, nutrition survey and 24 hour urine collection were conducted. Urinary pH was measured by pH meter and Ca by OCPC method. Dropped out was only one who had acute viral enteritis.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 77-80, 2011.
Key words : human, methionine, sulfur amino acids, soybean protein, Ca excretion, urinary pH
32-17
Investigation of the effects of Soy Protein on the Regression of Atherosclerosis and the Reduction of Abdominal Fat in Metabolic Syndrome
Tomoya YAMASHITA and Kenji NAKAJIMA
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017
ABSTRACT
Soy protein administration has been shown to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, although the precise mechanism is unknown. We investigated the effect of soy protein on the regression of atherosclerosis. LDL-receptor-deficient mice were fed a high cholesterol diet for 8 weeks to build up aortic sinus atherosclerotic lesions and then were fed a normal diet with soy protein or control casein for 4 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesions were histologically assessed, and immunological assays were performed. Soy protein treatment significantly regressed atherosclerosis (-19.5%, p <0.05), though only changing the chow never induced the regression. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that soy protein increased neither immature DCs (CD11c+CD80+CD86+) nor CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells. Soy protein might decrease the number of CD4+ T cells only in mesenteric lymph nodes, but not significantly. Soy protein treatment regressed atherosclerosis in animal models through unknown mechanisms. The present findings might partly explain the benefi cial effects of soy protein in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease patients in clinics.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 81-85, 2011.
Key words : soy protein, atherosclerosis, regression, T lymphocyte, dendritic cell
32-18
Effect of Soy Protein β-Conglycinin on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Tomomi YAMAZAKI
Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636
ABSTRACT
Diets high in fat can result in hepatic steatosis (fatty liver). Mice fed a high-fat diet, especially one of saturated fat-rich oil, develop fatty liver with an increase in PPARγ2 protein in liver. The fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet is improved by knockdown of liver PPARγ2. In this study, we investigated whether β-conglycinin (a major protein of soy protein) could reduce PPARγ2 protein and prevent high-fatdiet-induced fatty liver in ddY mice. Mice were fed a high butter diet (60 en%) for 11 weeks, by which fatty liver is developed. Either β-conglycinin or casein (control) was given as dietary protein. β-conglycinin supplementation completely prevented fatty liver. β-conglycinin decreased PPARγ2 mRNA in mice fed a high-butter diet with concomitant decreases in their target genes. Oxygen consumption, RQ ratio, energy production and daily activity levels did not differ significantly between the two groups. β-conglycinin-derived peptide decreased the accumulation of TG in the mouse hepatocytes in vitro. Conclusion: A dietary compound that reduces liver PPARγ2 was found. β-conglycinin effectively prevents the fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet through a decrease in liver PPARγ2 protein.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 86-90, 2011.
Key words : fatty liver, β-conglycinin, high-fat diet, PPARγ2, oxygen consumption
32-19
Nutritional Studies on Dietary β-Conglycinin
-Effects of Dose and Amino Acid Composition-
Kazunori KOBA1, Daichi OIKAWA1, 2, Sizuka TAMARU1, Kazunari TANAKA1 and Michihiro SUGANO3
1Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, Nagasaki 851-2195,
2Faculty of Education, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521,
3Professor Emeritus, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 813-0043
ABSTRACT
We previously observed that feeding of β-conglycinin (CON) as compared with casein (CAS) and soy protein isolate (SPI) lowered the body weight gain in rats, due to a significant decrease of food consumption. In the present study, we examined how the dietary level of CON and supplementation of essential amino acids affect food consumption and lipid metabolism in rats. Male SD rats were fed diets containing 20% protein; either CAS, SPI, or CAS was replaced with CON at the proportion of 25, 50, 75 or 100%. After a 4-week feeding period, CON-dependent reduction of food consumption was observed only in rats fed the 75% CON diet and the 100% CON diet. Dietary CON dose-dependently decreased serum triglyceride concentration. Liver triglyceride level of all the CON groups was lowered at least to the comparable level to that of the SPI group. The results indicated that the 50% CON diet did not cause a reduction in food consumption, and was enough to decrease serum and liver triglyceride levels. As compared with CAS, CON contained fewer essential amino acids, such as Thr, Val, Met, Tyr and Trp. Then, the infl uence of the supplementation of these amino acids to CON was examined. Rats were fed the diets containing either CAS, SPI, CON or CON supplemented with the fi ve amino acids to make the levels equal to CAS. After a 4-week feeding period, dietary CON supplemented with the amino acids completely ameliorated the CON-dependent decrease in food consumption. Also, CON supplemented with amino acids exerted a decrease of serum and liver triglyceride concentrations. The results indicated that the essential amino acid profile is in part responsible for a CON-dependent reduction of food consumption. The results in the present study provide basic information to elucidate the physiological functions of CON.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 91-95, 2011.
Key words : β-conglycinin, essential amino acid, food intake, serum triglyceride,
rats
32-20
Does Soy Intake Relate to the Prevalence of Allergic Disease ?
Tohru SAKAI1, Mariko NAKAMOTO2, Emi SHUTO1, Toshio HOSAKA1, Nanako KATAOKA2, Chisato KOSUGI2, Akiko HATA2, Kaori SHINODA2, Yumi KUWAMURA3, Takako MINAMIGAWA3, Takako ICHIHARA3, Ayako TAMURA3 and Makoto FUNAKI2
1Department of Public Health and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences,The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503
2Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima 770-8503
3Department of Medical treatment Recovery Care Nursing, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to determine how soy intake contributes to allergic diseases in Japanese workers. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Tokushima Prefecture. A total of 735 Japanese workers (479 men and 256 women) participated in this study. Associations between prevalence of allergic disease and various factors were assessed with the use of multiple logistic regression models controlled for age, sex, total energy intake, physical activity, dietary patterns, and other potential confounders. Of the 735 subjects examined, 334 (45.4%) had signs and symptoms of allergic disease. The 334 subjects included 185 men (38.6%) and 149 women (58.2%). A significant Difference in meat consumption between the allergy group and non-allergy group was found for men (p =0.008). On the other hand, for women, significant differences were found between the two groups in intake of vitamin A (p =0.040) and consumption of legumes (p =0.041).
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 96-101, 2011.
Key words : allergy, soy, legumes
32-21
Therapeutic Effect of Soy isoflavones on Food Allergy Model Mice with Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Takeshi YAMAMOTO and Makoto KADOWAKI
Division of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194
ABSTRACT
Over the last some decades, the prevalence of food allergic diseases has been dramatically increasing in advanced countries. However, there is no effective drug for food allergies. We previously reported that Kakkonto has a potential of a therapeutic drug for treatment of food allergic symptoms induced by the disruption of intestinal mucosal immunity. Isoflavones are the major bioactive composition of Kakkonto and they are metabolized to analog of isoflavones by mammalian intestinal fl ora. Here, we evaluated the effects of soy isoflavones on food allergy model mice with gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods : BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized twice with ovalbumin (OVA) and then were repeatedly given OVA by oral intubation (FA mice). Soy isoflavones was orally administered before OVA challenges. Results : The FA mice developed food allergic diarrhea after repeated oral challenge with OVA. Several soy isoflavones suppressed the occurrence of allergic diarrhea in the FA mice. In particular, the administration of genistin significantly reduced the incidence of OVA-induced diarrhea. Furthermore, the expressions of IL-4 mRNA and mouse mast cell protease-1 mRNA were significantly upregulated in the proximal colons of the FA mice, which were reduced by genistin. Conclusion : Genistin and soy isoflavones have a potential of a therapeutic drug for treatment of food allergic symptoms induced by the disruption of intestinal mucosal immunity.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 102-106, 2011.
Key words : food allergy, diarrhea, intestinal mucosal immunity, isoflavone
32-22
Construction of Complexes through SPI-Starch Interaction to Screen for Useful Cooking Properties
Etsuko IMAI1, Kyoko OHISHI2 and Midori KASAI3
1Department of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University, Chiba 271-8555
2Department of Human Life and Environment, Wayo Women's University, Chiba 272-8533
3Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610
ABSTRACT
Experiments to construct new physical properties through interaction of SPI with potato, corn and rice starches were carried out to enhance the utility of SPI. A mixture of SPI (10, 15 or 20%) and each of three starches (0-15%) was degassed, packaged and heated, prior to being allowed to stand at room temperature. Measurement of texture parameters of each sample gave the results that the hardness increased with an increase in the amount of starch added and that this effect tended to increase with the SPI concentration. No significant effect on adhesiveness from adding the starch was found when the mixed samples were gelled. The cohesiveness was not influenced by interaction between potato starch and SPI, while both corn and rice starches elicited concentration-dependent influences at Different SPI concentrations. The results thus showed that SPI could construct a new physical property by adding appropriate concentrations of exotic starches, suggesting the potential utility of SPI as a novel cooking material.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 107-110, 2011.
Key words : starch, physical property, hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness
32-23
Examination of Recipes to Improve Beany Flavor and of Preservation Methods for the Soy Protein Isolate, "New Fujinic 50"
Junko HIROSE and Kimiko URABE
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga 522-8533
ABSTRACT
We examined the Effect of the addition of hot water extracts from 9 wild grasses and 10 dry herbs on the reduction of beany flavor from the soy protein isolate "New Fujinic 50" through sensory test and a smell-analyzer "αFOX". Reduction of beany flavor was not observed with the addition of heated water extracts from wild grasses, but was observed with some herbs and spices with a strong smell such as Black pepper and Laurel, probably due to the masking Effect. When dumplings made with "New Fujinic 50" and herbs were warmed at 40℃ and then cooled, the reducing Effect of the herbs on the sensory test was weakened compared to the Effect before warming, probably due to the increase in beany flavor by warming. These results obtained with the sensory test were confi rmed with the increase of a PA2 signal on a smell-analyzer "αFOX" which indicated the presence of hexanal and hexanol.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 111-115, 2011.
Key words : wild grass, herb, smell-analyzer, sensory test, New Fujinic 50
32-24
Food Preference by Female University Students when Chicken is Replaced with Soybean Protein Isolate
Hiromi KATSURA
Faculty of Home Economics, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto 605-8501
ABSTRACT
The taste of Japanese dishes (Chikuzen-ni and Soboro) in which chicken was replaced with soybean protein isolate (SPI) was evaluated by a questionnaire given to 98 students in a dietetics course. The number of subjects who did not recognize the replacement was 2 times greater than those who did recognize it. Moreover, with regard to the feeling of satisfaction with the food with SPI, 97% of the respondents answered that it was "adequate". To the question "Do you want SPI to be used in food service?", 77% of the respondents replied "Yes" before sampling the food, while 91% did so after sampling. Thus, the percentage of respondents who accepted SPI in food service increased 14% after sampling the food. However, they answered that SPI may be not satisfactory for small children. For dietary education, it may be necessary to develop a consensus that SPI, as a new soy-product food, may be usefu1 in addressing some current food problems.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 116-120, 2011.
Key words : soy protein isolate, food service, dietitians
32-25
New Recipes for School Lunch Rich in Soluble OKARA Fiber
Masayo KANEDA1, Eiko MURAI2, Chieko TOYAMA3, Misako HIROTA4, Yoko TAKEDA5, Keiko YANAGISAWA6 and Sayako AOKI7
1Junior College of Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo 170-8481
2Marugame Municipal Ayauta Junior High School, Kagawa 761-2406
3Toki Municipal Hida Elementary School, Gifu 509-5115
4Moriyama Municipal Moriyama Elementary School, Shiga 524-0041
5Yasu Municipal Yasukita Junior High School, Shiga 520-0062
6Omitama Municipal Minori Junior High School, Ibaraki 319-0132
7Katsushika Ward Kitano Elementary School, Tokyo 125-0052
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: An important food problem for Japanese is low fiber intake. In school lunches, 6-7.5 g fiber is the recommended amount but the intake in 2009 was 4.6-5.9 g. If we try to increase this amount, we need to use a lot of root vegetables and legumes, which are disliked by children and leftovers consequently increase. OKARA is rich in fiber. Since it is a byproduct of tofu manufacturing, it makes sense to use it to increase fiber intake and to reduce the waste of soybeans. Various OKARA-rich recipes have been tried but due to the insolubility of OKARA only a few are currently in use, such as OKARA croquettes and muffins. Water- soluble OKARA fiber (SOF) has now become available. We thought it may be much easier to use this form of OKARA in various recipes rather than the insoluble form. We have conducted 3 studies. PURPOSE: Study 1) To find the fiber intake of children. Study 2) To find the proper concentration of SOF in 15 recipes. Study 3) To find the easiness for cooking and the taste acceptability. METHODS: Study 1) Daily fiber intake in children of elementary school 2nd (n=137) and 5th (n=140) grade and junior high school 2nd grade (n=109) were estimated by the nutrition survey of 24 hour recalling method. Study 2) We chose 15 in which it seemed easy to use SOF and added 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g SOF and found 12 recipes are acceptable or good. Study 3) Menus containing SOF items were off ered daily in meals in alternating weeks for four weeks. Acceptability by 80 cooks for cooking and taste by the cooks and the 386 children. RESULTS: Intake of fiber of the children were about 10-12 g a day and about 5 g by school lunch. The twelve recipes included 3 grilled foods, 5 fried foods, 2 soups and 2 noodle dishes. School nutrition teachers (20) reported that powdered SOF was good in fried foods, which did not become sticky for a long time and were tasty. The percentages of children who found items very good or good were 74.3% for boiled recipes, 70.5% or fried foods and 60.5% for grilled foods. Most of the cooking staff also answered that it is easy to use and the taste is well accepted. CONCLUSION: The 12 recipes with SOF given indicated favorable or improved in taste and the fiber intake met increased to the requirement level.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 121-130, 2011.
Key words : school lunch, okara, byproduct of tofu, fiber, soluble fiber, nutrition teacher, school children, cook
32-26
Highly-Selective Recycling System for Rare Metals Using Soy Protein
Tatsuo MARUYAMA
Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501
ABSTRACT
Various proteins have specific interactions with metal ions, which play essential roles in a living cell. Here, we found that various proteins selectively adsorbed precious metal ions from a mixture of various base metal ions at a wide range of pH values. Studies on the Effect of pH and of the CI- concentration on the adsorption indicated that forms of a metal-complex affected specific interactions of proteins with precious metal ions (Au3+ and Pd2+). We then investigated soy protein and several types of protein-rich biomass as adsorbents for precious metal ions. In the presence of various base metal ions, Au3+ and Pd2+ were also selectively adsorbed onto soy protein and the biomass tested. In the study of individual adsorption experiments, remarkable amounts of Au3+ were adsorbed onto these protein-rich biomass. We propose an environmentally-friendly recycling system for precious metal ions using protein-rich biomass.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 131-134, 2011.
Key words : precious metal ions, protein-rich biomas, selective adsorption, environmental-friendly recycling
32-27
Refractive Index Observation of Soy Lipids
Koyo WATANABE
Research Core for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530
ABSTRACT
An observation of the refractive index of a soy lipid (L-α-phosphatidylcholine) is presented in this study. For these observations, a localized surface plasmon sensor and a program for measurement were developed. In the localized surface plasmon sensor, a He-Ne laser with linearly polarized light was used as the light source, and the size of the laser was expanded to 1.2 cm using a set of lenses. Then, to optimize polarization, the linearly polarized light was converted to radially polarized light using a z-polarization device. The light was focused by an oil-immersion objective lens, and a thin metal film deposited on the cover glass was illuminated by the focused laser beam. The distribution of refl ected light intensity at the exit pupil plane of the oil-immersion objective lens was captured by a CCD device. In the refl ected light distribution, a dark ring due to surface plasmon excitation appeared. As the size of the dark ring was strongly dependent on the refractive index of the metal surface, the changes in the size of the ring due to lipid adsorption on the surface were analyzed to determine the refractive index of the lipid. To observe changes to the refractive index and to calibrate the index, we fi rst assessed water at the metal surface. Subsequently, the soy lipid at a concentration of 3 mM was introduced onto the metal surface by the vesicle fusion method, and observed. For a comparison with the these results, the refractive index of the soy lipids was estimated.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 135-138, 2011.
Key words :soy lipid, refractive index, surface plasmon
32-28
The Differential Effects of Several Soybean Cultivar Extracts to Improve
against an in vitro Hepatosteatosis in Human Primary Hepatocytes
Makoto SEO
Department of Biochemistry, Premedical Course, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495
ABSTRACT
Recently, there have been many reports that soybean components (peptides and isoflavones) decrease serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in an animal disease model. In this study, we examined whether soybean extracts from several cultivars show the effect of improvement of linoleic acid-induced hepatosteatosis model in human primary hepatocytes. The cells were incubated with 0.5 mM linoleic acid and several soybean extracts for 24 hours. After incubation, the cells were evaluated for morphological changes in lipid droplet accumulation, and the intracellular lipid concentrations were measured. In addition, the cells were evaluated for mRNA and protein levels that are related to lipid metabolism. The cells of linoleic acid-induced hepatosteatosis showed significant accumulation of lipid droplets and high concentrations of triglyceride. On the other hand, Tanbakuromame extract decreased the accumulation of lipid droplets and the concentration of intracellular triglyceride. In fatty acid metabolism enzymes and transcription factors, Tanbakuromame extract decreased diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 mRNA expression and protein level, and increased acyl-CoA oxidase mRNA expression. Tanbakuromame extract increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorαprotein levels in nuclear fraction. In cholesterol metabolism enzymes and transcription factors, Tanbakuromame extract increased cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and sterol-12α-hydroxylase mRNA expressions. Tanbakuromame extract regulated the balance between liver X receptor and farnesoid X receptor protein levels in nuclear fraction. Moreover, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins were normalized by treatment with Tanbakuromame extract. These findings suggest that Tanbakuromame extract decreases triglyceride synthesis and enhances fatty acid β-oxidation. In addition, Tanbakuromame extract enhances the cholesterol catabolism pathway, thus decreasing lipid droplet accumulation in hepatocytes.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 139-145, 2011.
Key words : soybean extract, hepatocyte, hepatosteatosis, triglyceride, cholesterol
32-29
Effects of Tofuyo (Fermented Soybean Food) Extract on Influenza Virus
Akikazu SAKUDO1 and Masayasu SESOKO2
Laboratory of Biometabolic Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215
ABSTRACT
In this study, possible anti-infl uenza virus activity in Tofuyo (fermented soybean food) extract was investigated. Tofuyo was diluted with water and subjected to homogenization, fi ltration, and centrifugation. The resultant supernatant was used as Tofuyo extract. The extract was mixed with an influenza virus-infected cell culture medium. After incubation, the Effect of Tofuyo extract on infl uenza virus was analyzed by immunochromatography of influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP).
The comparison between Tofuyo extract and ethanol, which is known to have antiinfluenza virus activity, showed that Tofuyo extract did not have a strong inhibitory
Effect. This finding was confi rmed by virus activity assay using embryonated eggs. In contrast, Tofuyo had a good balance among lipids, proteins, and corbohydrates and abundant Vitamin B2, suggesting that Tofuyo has high nutritive value and may contribute to the promotion of good health. Therefore, we are currently proceeding to further analyze the impact of Tofuyo extract in vivo using influenza virusinfected animals.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 146-149, 2011.
Key words :infl uenza, kojis, okinawa, tofuyo, virus
32-30
Challenges in Determination of Immunomodulatory Effects and/or Molecules in Soybean Residues (Okara), and Evaluation of Detoxifi cation Mechanisms of Okara Constituents
Shin YASUDA1, 3, Kanae KAWAMOTO3, Masateru ONO1, 3, Kiyotaka KABATA2, 3 and Keiji IGOSHI1, 3
1Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 869-1404
2Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 869-1404
3Agricultural Sciences in Master's Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 869-1404
ABSTRACT
The current study was designed to investigate the potential of bioavailability of the insoluble soybean residue (okara) generated as a by-product in soymilk and tofu manufacturing. We first challenged to examine whether okara was capable of showing functional advantages in an inflammation murine cell model. Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, an excess amount of nitric oxide (NO) was generated into the culture media from RAW264.7 mouse macrophage-like cells after 24 h incubation. Under this experimental setting, cells cultured in the presence of okara extract demonstrated a significant suppression of NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. In parallel experiments, okara extract also showed suppressive effects on LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α generation as representative inflammatory cytokines. In the case of prostaglandin (PG)E2 levels, okara showed a small decrease only at high concentration. These results indicate the existence of immunosuppressive molecule(s) in okara extract on a murine macrophage cell model. Determination of the active molecule(s) in okara for further health-benefi cial use in anti-inflammation still remains to be clarified. Whether the anti-inflammatory molecule(s) can demonstrate characteristic detoxifi cation Effects in our body may be an interesting issue. As a part of our overall study, further work is warranted to achieve this goal.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 150-156, 2011.
Key words :okara, nitric oxide, cytokine, inflammation, macrophage
32-31
Effect of Dietary Soy Isoflavones on Rat Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type
Wataru MIZUNOYA, Kenta SHIMOMURA, Yusuke SATO, Mako NAKAMURA, Ryuichi TATSUMI and Yoshihide IKEUCHI
Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581
ABSTRACT
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorδ (PPARδ) is a key regulator of skeletal muscle fiber type. Soy Isoflavones (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) are thought to be candidates for PPARδ ligands. We addressed whether dietary soy Isoflavones intake affects skeletal muscle fiber type via the PPARδ pathway in rats. Sevenweek-old male Wistar rats were fed a diet with or without 0.4% (w/w) crude watersoluble soy isoflavones (Soyaflavone HG) for 4 weeks. After the feeding period, blood and tissue samples were collected. The tibialis anterior muscle mass was significantly lower in the soy Isoflavone-fed group. The proportion of myosin heavy chain I (slow type) in EDL muscle was significantly increased in the soy Isoflavonefed group. This result suggests that intake of soy Isoflavones induced an increase in slow type fibers of rat skeletal muscle.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 157-161, 2011.
Key words :soy Isoflavone, skeletal muscle, fiber type, myosin heavy chain, PPARδ
32-32
Chainging of Autonomic Nerve Modulation and Body Weight Regulation by Isoflavone of Soybean
Mamoru TANIDA, Kazuki IMANISHI, Mie KOMATSU and Jun SATOMI
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577
ABSTRACT
It is known that there are some bitter components of soybean. Previously, we found that one of them, isoflavone, affected autonomic nerve activities supplying the adrenal gland and stomach and reduced body weight gain of rats fed a normal diet. In the study presented here, we examined the effects of intragastric (IG) injection of Isoflavone on brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity (BATSNA) and white adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity (WAT-SNA) in urethaneanesthetized rats. IG injection of Isoflavone solution (S-HG) did not affect BAT-SNA and WAT-SNA. Moreover, intraoral injection of S-HG did not affect the plasma glycerol level in conscious rats. Furthermore, drinking S-HG for 14 d reduced body weight gain, food intake and abdominal fat tissue weight in rats fed a normal diet. However, drinking S-HG for 12 wks did not affect body weight gain, food intake and abdominal fat tissue weight in rats fed a high fat diet. These results thus suggest that Isoflavone supplementation exerts its reducing action on body weight through changes in appetite-related autonomic modulation.
Soy Protein Research, Japan 14, 162-166, 2011.
Key words :energy metabolism, obesity, autonomic nerve, adipose tissue, appetite,glycerol
Soy Protein Research (Japan)